History #4. Phonetic Alphabet

The Phoenician alphabet is based on what principle?
one sign represents one sound 
Describe the shape of the letters and what tool created them? straight and had many angles
What two reasons made the Phoenician alphabet so successful? It was simple to learn/read. Merchants used it often therefore spreading it around.
What long term effects on the social structures of civilizations did the Phoenicians have with the creation of their alphabet?Post an example of the Phoenician alphabet in visual form.

It took away the social classes 
"The Greek Alphabet | 800 BC"
How did Greeks come in contact with the Phoenicians?
 Phoenicians traveled to greece often and made trades with the people there.
How was the Greek adaptation of the alphabet different from its predecessor?It wasn't the exact same as the Phonetician Alphabet, it had more letters and had vowels.
Why is the Greek alphabet considered to be the world's first true alphabet? -I was unable to find it in podcast.                                                                                                       Name several similarities and differences between the Greek and modern English alphabets? Post an example of the Greek alphabet in visual form
. 

"The Roman Alphabet | 7th century BC" 
What was the basis of the Roman uppercase alphabet?
 The Greek alphabet 
What were the purposes of the formal and informal styles of lettering?
Formal was for important manuscripts and informal was more a way of jotting things down
Why is the Roman alphabet the most widely used and what contributions did it make?
it added serifs and the base line
From where did serifs originate?
rome, when little notches were added to letters to prevent the chisel from slipping
When and where did lowercase, or minuscule, letters develop?

What is a ligature and why were they utilized?
Post an example of the Roman alphabet in visual form.

    

#3 HIEROGLYPHICS

In the sixth century BC, what three civilizations invaded Egypt? 
Persians,Greek,and Romans 
 Post an example of the inside wall(s) of an Ancient Egyptian temple.

What was discovered on the inside of the temples?
Carved and painted images on every wall and surface.
Scholars believe that Ancient Egyptians were inspired and influenced by which written language?
After the Cuneiform by the concept of expressing words into writing. 
What is the difference between logographic and alphabetic elements?logograms are visual symbols representing ideas or objects.Alphabetic or phoenic came later as the language evolved into demotic. 
The term Hieroglyphic derived from what two Greek words?
Sacred Writing 
What is a scribe? 
A communication skill where students went to scribe school to read and write,while military leaders were trained as scribes so they could communicate while in battle.
Who else was trained to read and write? Why?Military Leaders so that they could communicated while in battle.
Post an example of hieroglyphics on papyrus.

What is papyrus and how was it made?
A substrate made from Reeds native to Egypt.What is a substrate?
A writing for scrolls for pharaoh and other important Egyptian on papyrus.Instructions and spells to help them find their way to the afterlife
What were the Books of the Dead?Were usually commissioned by the users themselves before the death.
How did Ancient Egyptian hieroglyphics become a forgotten language?
Post an example of the Rosetta Stone.

What is the Rosetta Stone? Where was it discovered?
Had the same inscription on it,written in 3 different languages.
What three languages are included on the stone?
Egyptian Hieroglyphics demotic and Greek.
Why couldn't the text on the Stone be deciphered?
Because one chunk of the text was missing and none of the three texts were complete.
Who finally deciphered the text? What was his breakthrough?
Napoleon,but the British defeated Napoleon and his army,and took back many Egyptian discoveries back to England including the Rosetta stone.Jean Champollion he was able to match up the hieroglyphics symbols with the Greek Version of the name Egyptian Pharaoh Ramses.
Why does the interpretation of the Rosetta Stone have such significance?
 Cause we now know a great deal about the Ancient Egyptians and their hieroglyphics. 

#2 CUNEIFORM

The Sumerians were one of the earliest types of this kind of civilization? What does that mean?
they created Cuneiform

Why is the region of Sumer considered the Cradle of Civilization?
They created the first written language-Cuneiform

What could the Sumerians practice year round because of the regions climate?
Agricultural

Post an example of early Cuneiform (Sumerian pictograph).
Why was Cuneiform created?Used to record transactions

What medium was used to "write" Cuneiform? Explain the process of preparing and writing on this surface?

wedge shape stylus/ wet the clay, form it into a flat surface, lay in the sun allowing to dry and harden

What did Cuneiform begin as a series of?
pictographs 

Post an example of evolved Cuneiform (wedge-shaped).
After it evolved over time, what shape did the characters of Cuneiform evolve into?
wedge shape

Post an example of Akkadian Cuneiform.
After the Akkadians conquered, what happened to the Sumerian culture and written language?
Akkadians adopted the Sumerian language

What is a pictograph?
a pictorial or visual representation of an object

Why did the creation of Cuneiform allow the Sumerians to become a sophisticated culture?

It was a new form of communication 

visual organization

• not directing the audience through a design is misdirecting them!
• EYE MOVEMENT: the typical eye moves left to right and top to bottom.
• controlling eye movement within a composition is a matter of directing the natural scanning tendency if the viewers eye.
• the ee tends gravitate towards areas of complexity first. in pictures of pople, the eye is always attracted to the face and particaullry to the eye.
• Light areas of a composition will attract the eye, especially when adjacent to a dark area.
• diagonal lines or edges will guide eye movement.
• OPTICAL CENTER: the spot where the human tends to enter the page. Optical center is slightly above mathematical center and just to the left.
• it takes a compelling element to pull your eye away from this spot.
• Z PATTERN: our visual patter makes a sweep of the page , generally, in the shape of a z.
• effective page design maps viewers route through the ingormation. The designers objective is to lead the viewers eye to the important elements or information.
• FOCUS- use no more than 2points.
• make sure they compliment each other.
• Avoid all uppercase letters unless its necesary. 
• Choose right font. work with the tone or theme of ur composition. 
• topography.com/email/2010-03/index.htm
• effective pages design a viewers route through the information.
• visuall will esablish focal point.
• crucial part of desingn procss is to estalish elemts.
• all design involve problem solving. 
• THE GRID:
• way of organizing content on a page, using any combination of margins guide lines, rows and columns.
• instituted by Modernism
• establish relation of elements and break thing in different chunks. 
• a grid consist of a distinct set of alignment based relationship that act as guides for distributing elements across a format.
• Every design is different; therefore every design will require a different grid structure.... one the addresses the particular elements within the design.
• a grid is used to help clarify the message being communicated and to unify the elements.
• 
  

#1 CAVE PAINTINGS

What are cave paintings?
beautiful, detailed and colorful representations found on the inside of cave walls and ceilings
Name several common themes found in cave paintings?
Large animals such as bisons, horses, deer. tracings of humans hands abstract patterns.
How were these paintings created (tools, pigments)?
water, pant, juice. animal blood, soil charcolWhat is the most famous cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
lascaux france 1940, 4 teenage boys found it accidently.
Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

Why did this cave have to be closed? What was done to satisfy public curiosity?
paintings are being damaged by carbon monoxide they made lauscaux 2Post an example of cave painting(s) from Altamira cave.
In Altamira cave, why do most of the paintings have a red hue?
red clay
Who discovered this site? How old are the paintings confirmed to be?Marceline Sanz De Sautuola, 19,000 years old.

What is the oldest known cave painting site? When was it discovered and by whom?
chauvet-point Arc, eliette Brunell Deschamps, Christian Hillaire, Jean Marie Chavuet.


Post an example of cave painting(s) from this cave.

What was different about the painting techniques at this site?
walls  were scraped free of debree to make walls smoother
What is "speleology"?Speleology is the scientific study of caves which term derived from the Latin 'speleum' meaning “cave.”
What three reasons do archeologists and historians believe prehistoric man created cave paintings?

to tell a story, to help teach hunt, for magical or religous reason.